Authors: Md. Hasib Mahmud Mazumder*, & Md. Omar Faruq Roney
Published Date: July 02, 2026
Cite: Mazumder, M. H. M., & Roney, M. O. F. (2026) CFD analysis of NACA airfoils for wind turbine and aerospace applications at low Reynolds numbers, Cryst J Appl Sci. 2(2) 1–11.
Abstract
This study presents a transition-model-based comparative computational investigation of four symmetric NACA airfoils (0012, 0015, 0018, and 0020) operating at low Reynolds numbers ranging from 3×10⁵ to 1×10⁶. In this flow regime, transitional effects such as laminar separation and delayed boundary-layer transition significantly influence aerodynamic performance. A two-dimensional steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework was employed using the SST k–ω turbulence model coupled with the γ–Reθ transition model to improve the prediction of lift and drag characteristics under low-Reynolds-number conditions. A structured C-type mesh with near-wall refinement was generated to ensure accurate boundary-layer resolution. Numerical results were validated against available experimental data, demonstrating good agreement in aerodynamic performance trends within the pre-stall region. The results indicate that aerodynamic efficiency increases with Reynolds number for all profiles due to delayed flow separation and enhanced boundary-layer stability. Among the airfoils investigated, NACA 0012 consistently exhibited the highest lift-to-drag ratios at moderate angles of attack (6°–9°), whereas thicker profiles such as NACA 0018 and 0020 showed comparatively lower aerodynamic efficiency. This work provides a transition-aware comparative assessment of multiple symmetric NACA airfoils across a practical low-Reynolds-number range relevant to small-scale wind turbines and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The findings highlight the importance of airfoil selection where transitional flow effects play a critical role in aerodynamic performance.
Keywords
NACA Airfoils, Reynolds Number, Aerodynamic Performance, Turbulence Model
Authors: Damaris Apondi Were*, & Asad I. Mian, MD,
Published Date: June 02, 2026
Cite: Were, D. A., & Mian, A. I. (2026). Evaluating the impact of QR code payment systems on financial efficiency and patient experience in a private healthcare facility in Kenya: a mixed-methods study. Cryst J Appl Sci. 2(2), 01-06.
Abstract
Background: Digital financial technologies are increasingly transforming healthcare service delivery by improving operational efficiency and patient experience. In Kenya, mobile money platforms are widely used; however, healthcare facilities continue to face challenges such as fragmented payment systems, delays in transaction processing, and reconciliation inefficiencies. This study evaluated the implementation of a QR code–based payment system at Avenue Hospital Kisumu.
Methods: A quasi-experimental pre–post mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected on transaction processing time, billing accuracy, and staff efficiency, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and observations. The study involved 20 finance and information technology staff, 5 departmental heads, and 100 outpatients selected through purposive and systematic sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests (p < .05), while qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
Results: The implementation resulted in a significant reduction in average transaction processing time from 7.50 minutes to 2.80 minutes, t(99) = 25.90, p < .001. Billing accuracy improved from 88% to 97%, and reconciliation discrepancies decreased. Patient satisfaction was high, with 80% of respondents reporting satisfaction with the system. Staff efficiency improved, reflected in reduced reconciliation time and administrative workload. Additionally, the system demonstrated a positive net annual financial benefit of KES 200,000.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that QR code–based payment systems enhance efficiency, accuracy, and user satisfaction in healthcare billing processes. However, challenges related to digital literacy and initial system integration were identified. Overall, QR code payment systems show strong potential to improve healthcare financial operations and patient experience. Healthcare facilities should consider phased implementation, continuous staff training, and sustained investment in information and communication technology infrastructure to support long-term adoption.
Keywords
Digital Payments, QR Code Systems, Healthcare Finance, Patient Satisfaction, Operational Efficiency, Kenya, Mobile Money, Health Information Systems, QR Code Payments, Digital Health, Financial Technology, Patient Experience, Hospital Efficiency
Authors: Janhavi Manjule* & Sheetal D. Deshmukh
Published Date: July 02, 2026
Cite: Manjule. J., Deshmukh. S. D. (2026). Maharashtrian Traditional Pearl Millet Chunks (Bajra Kharwadi): A Nutritious Snack. Cryst J Appl Sci. 2(2), 1-4.
Abstract
Pearl millet (bajra) chunks, locally known as Bajra Kharwadi, represent a traditional Maharashtrian snack that combines nutritional excellence with cultural heritage. This ancient preparation utilizes pearl millet, a drought-resistant grain native to the semi-arid regions of Maharashtra, alongside indigenous spices and preparation techniques passed down through generations. Bajra Kharwadi offers exceptional nutritional benefits, being rich in dietary fiber, protein, essential minerals (iron, zinc, magnesium), and antioxidants. The preparation process—involving soaking, grinding, fermentation, steaming, and often sun-drying—preserves the grain's nutritional integrity while creating a distinctive texture and flavor profile. The addition of traditional spices like cumin, coriander, and chili not only enhances palatability but also contributes additional health benefits. Nutritional assessment confirms Bajra Kharwadi as an exceptional source of complex carbohydrates, plant protein, dietary fiber, and micronutrients including iron, zinc, and B vitamins. The natural fermentation process enhances bioavailability of minerals while reducing anti-nutritional factors. Beyond nutrition, Bajra Kharwadi represents cultural sustainability by preserving traditional food knowledge and supporting local agricultural practices. As global interest in traditional, nutrient-dense foods increases, this humble Maharashtrian snack exemplifies how indigenous culinary wisdom can address modern nutritional needs while celebrating regional food heritage.
Keywords
Pearl Millet, Bajra Kharwadi, Cultural sustainability, Traditional Food Knowledge
