Authors:
Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Odah*
Published Date: May 08, 2025
Cite: Odah MAA. Photosynthetic reprogramming enhancing carbon fixation in crops through synthetic biology. Crystal J Med Healthc. 2025;1(1): 01-10.
Abstract
Background: Photosynthesis is the foundation of plant productivity, yet its natural efficiency remains limited, with most staple crops operating under the suboptimal C3 pathway. Enhancing carbon fixation efficiency is a major goal in agricultural biotechnology, especially in the face of climate change and increasing food demands. Synthetic biology offers innovative strategies to reprogram photosynthesis, optimize RuBisCO function, and introduce synthetic carbon assimilation pathways.
Objective: This review explores the latest advancements in synthetic biology applied to photosynthetic reprogramming. It highlights the potential of genetic engineering to enhance carbon fixation, reduce photorespiration losses, and develop highyield, climate-resilient crops.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing recent breakthroughs in RuBisCO optimization, synthetic carbon fixation cycles, and chloroplast genome engineering. Studies on engineered carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) and artificial CO₂ assimilation pathways were evaluated for their potential applications in agriculture.
Results: Synthetic biology approaches have demonstrated significant improvements in photosynthetic efficiency. Directed evolution has optimized RuBisCO activity, while the integration of bacterial and algal CCMs into C3 plants has increased CO₂ fixation rates. Additionally, synthetic pathways like the CETCH cycle show promise in surpassing the Calvin cycle’s efficiency.
Conclusion: The integration of synthetic biology into photosynthesis enhancement presents a transformative solution to improving crop productivity and climate resilience. While significant progress has been made, challenges remain in scaling these innovations to commercial agriculture. Future research should focus on refining metabolic engineering strategies, addressing regulatory concerns, and ensuring field applicability to maximize the impact of synthetic photosynthesis.
Keywords
Synthetic Biology, Photosynthetic Reprogramming, Carbon Fixation, RuBisCO Optimization, Climate-Resilient Crops, Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Odah*
Published Date: April 30, 2025
Cite: Odah MAA. Mitochondrial epitranscriptomics: The role of RNA modifications in cellular energy regulation and aging. Crystal J Med Healthc. 2025;1(1): 01-08.
Abstract
Background: Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism and energy production. While traditionally studied through nuclear and mitochondrial DNA regulation, recent research highlights the significance of post-transcriptional modifications in mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA). These modifications influence mitochondrial gene expression, energy balance, and aging. Understanding mitochondrial epitranscriptomics—specifically modifications like N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pseudouridylation, and 5-methylcytosine (m5C)—is essential for uncovering their impact on cellular function and disease.
Objective: This review aims to explore the emerging field of mitochondrial epitranscriptomics, analyzing key RNA modifications, their roles in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, and their implications in aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, we discuss advanced methodologies for studying these modifications and potential therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial dysfunction.
Conclusion: Mitochondrial RNA modifications represent a critical layer of gene regulation affecting cellular energy homeostasis and aging. Their dysregulation is associated with metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cellular senescence. Advances in RNA sequencing and epitranscriptomic research highlight the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial RNA modifications to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and promote longevity. A deeper understanding of these modifications could pave the way for novel approaches to treating age-related diseases and enhancing healthy aging.
Keywords
Mitochondrial Epitranscriptomics, RNA Modifications, Aging, Oxidative Phosphorylation, m6A, Pseudouridylation, m5C, Neurodegeneration, Metabolic Disorders, Longevity
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