Authors: Tapio Juokslahti. DVM, PhD, Docent*
Published Date: July 02, 2026
Cite: Juokslahti, T. (2026). Industrial Production of Trichoderma reesei Enzymes by Liquid State Fermentation and Their Early Application in Animal Feeds in P.R. China. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(4), 01-03.
Authors: Xueyong Chin, Richard Guit, & Nick Wright*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Chin, X., Guit, R., & Wright, N. (2026). Regulatory Frameworks and Political Risk Mitigation: Overcoming Barriers to Attract Private Sector Investment into the ASEAN Power Grid. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-08.
Abstract
ASEAN has long recognized the potential benefits for energy security and resilience from the cross-border transmission of electricity. The ASEAN Power Grid (“APG”) aims to develop a regional cross-border transmission and integrated power market across its member states. More recently, the upside of sharing renewable power resources across borders, has triggered a surge in the investigation of opportunities for expansion of the APG as part of regional decarbonization efforts.
Unlike purely domestic projects however, the APG’s cross-border nature faces significant challenges in attracting the substantial private sector capital required to develop the APG to its full potential. This paper analyses the critical barriers to unlocking such participation, focusing on regulatory and political risks that private sector market participants cannot manage in isolation from host governments. Policy and regulatory stability, and ideally consistency across jurisdictions, will be essential to both private investors and their lenders, particularly where power is moving through “transit countries”, and not merely between jurisdictions.
While ASEAN must chart its own course, this paper draws parallels with the European Energy Charter Treaty framework that successfully underpinned investments in cross border energy infrastructure, and examines how elements of the inter-governmental agreements (IGAs) and host government agreement (HGA) structure could address critical “bankability” and “investability” issues for projects, thereby enabling a more conducive environment to attract private investment into the APG and facilitating the much-needed energy transition in Southeast Asia.
Keywords
ASEAN Power Grid, Cross-Border Transmission, Interconnectors, Treaties, Private Finance, Change-In-La; Energy Charter Treaty
Authors: Zumeya Omari*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Omari, Z. (2026). Reverse Osmosis in Geothermal Systems. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-02.
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other dissolved or suspended substances, and is used in industrial processes for production of potable water.
RO retains the solute / large molecules on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. R.O. differs from filtration in that the mechanism of fluid flow is reversed, as the solvent crosses membrane, leaving the solute behind. RO involves 56 solvent diffusion across a membrane that is either nonporous or uses nanofiltration with pores 0.001 micrometers in size.
Geothermal power plants use large volume of geothermal water. Brine or condensates are usually reinjected back into the reservoir as a way of disposing it or maintaining reservoir pressure. There have been cases of blockage in the reinjection wells, and scaling and corrosion in equipment caused by precipitation of salts out of the brine. This can be reduced by desalinizing the water through R.O. Therefore, after electricity production, the waste water, can be passed through an RO membrane to desalinize the water for recycling. The waters should undergo pre-treatment steps like filtration to remove larger particles that could clog the membrane.
A pump applies significant pressure to the geothermal water, overcoming the natural osmotic pressure and pushing the water through the membrane. The rejected contaminants, like salts and minerals, become increasingly concentrated on the “feed” side of the membrane, forming a brine that is typically disposed of or further treated depending on the application. Predicting and preventing sediment precipitation in membrane systems is a key aspect of their operation, therefore several commercially antiscalants are usually applied.
It is important to take care of the membrane by increasing its life span so as to serve the cause effectively.
Keywords
Reverse Osmosis, Geothermal, Membrane
Authors: Turkan Amiraslanova*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Amiraslanova, T. (2026). Geoecological assessment of ecosystems on the southern slope of the greater caucasus based on biogeochemical characteristics. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-04.
Abstract
This research provides a comprehensive geoecological assessment of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, focusing on the Shaki-Zaqatala region. The study investigates the biogeochemical distribution of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cd) within the soil-plant-water system. Utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), 150 samples were analyzed across various altitudinal zones (600m to 2500m). The results indicate that while the high-altitude alpine zones remain pristine, the foothill and lower mountain belts exhibit localized enrichment of heavy metals due to agricultural intensification and transboundary atmospheric transport. Specifically, Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) levels in the lower zones were found to be 1.5 to 2 times higher than the regional background values. The study calculates the Geo-accumulation Index (I_{geo}) and the Biological Absorption Coefficient (K_b), revealing that Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus act as significant bio-accumulators for Zinc. These findings contribute to the "Green Development" strategy by identifying ecological risk zones and suggesting sustainable land management practices for mountain ecosystems.
Keywords
Biogeochemistry, Geoecology, Greater Caucasus, Heavy Metals, Soil-Plant System, Sustainable Development
