Authors: Zumeya Omari*
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: Omari, Z. (2026). Reverse Osmosis in Geothermal Systems. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-02.
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other dissolved or suspended substances, and is used in industrial processes for production of potable water.
RO retains the solute / large molecules on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. R.O. differs from filtration in that the mechanism of fluid flow is reversed, as the solvent crosses membrane, leaving the solute behind. RO involves 56 solvent diffusion across a membrane that is either nonporous or uses nanofiltration with pores 0.001 micrometers in size.
Geothermal power plants use large volume of geothermal water. Brine or condensates are usually reinjected back into the reservoir as a way of disposing it or maintaining reservoir pressure. There have been cases of blockage in the reinjection wells, and scaling and corrosion in equipment caused by precipitation of salts out of the brine. This can be reduced by desalinizing the water through R.O. Therefore, after electricity production, the waste water, can be passed through an RO membrane to desalinize the water for recycling. The waters should undergo pre-treatment steps like filtration to remove larger particles that could clog the membrane.
A pump applies significant pressure to the geothermal water, overcoming the natural osmotic pressure and pushing the water through the membrane. The rejected contaminants, like salts and minerals, become increasingly concentrated on the “feed” side of the membrane, forming a brine that is typically disposed of or further treated depending on the application. Predicting and preventing sediment precipitation in membrane systems is a key aspect of their operation, therefore several commercially antiscalants are usually applied.
It is important to take care of the membrane by increasing its life span so as to serve the cause effectively.
Keywords
Reverse Osmosis, Geothermal, Membrane
Authors: Prof. Dr. Aydın İbrahimov*, & Dr. Çağdaş Duman
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: İbrahimov, A., & Duman, C. (2026). The village–town (köy–kent) model: a methodological, political, and planning-oriented reformulation in the context of turkey and azerbaijan for the decentralized Anthropocene. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-06
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive and theoretically grounded reformulation of the Village–Town (Köy–Kent) model as a decentralized settlement and development framework suitable for the conditions of the Anthropocene. While dominant paradigms such as smart cities, resilient cities, eco-cities, and logistics cities have contributed to technological efficiency and infrastructural robustness within metropolitan cores, they continue to reproduce spatial centralization and territorial inequality. Drawing on political geography, spatial justice theory, political ecology, and regional planning literature, this study argues that sustainable and resilient futures require territorially distributed settlement networks that integrate rural and urban systems. Using Turkey and Azerbaijan as comparative contexts, the article develops a methodological and policy-oriented framework that positions the Village–Town model as a complementary, multi-scalar alternative to city-centered sustainability strategies. The study contributes to political geography and planning scholarship by demonstrating how decentralized settlement systems can support regional resilience, food sovereignty, post-conflict reconstruction, and socio-spatial stability in the Anthropocene.
Keywords
Village–Town Model, Decentralized Planning, Smart City, Resilient City, Political Geography, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Anthropocene
Authors: Abdurrahman Onay*
Published Date: March 02, 2026
Cite: Onay, A. (2026). Enhancıng dısaster response operatıons wıth GNSS applıcatıons, Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-05.
Abstract
The frequency and severity of natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades as a result of rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and climate change. These complex emergencies demand a multidisciplinary, technology-driven approach to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) — including GPS (United States), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China) — have emerged as vital tools in modern disaster management operations. GNSS enables high-precision positioning, timing, and navigation, allowing first responders and emergency managers to coordinate effectively in real-time. GNSS satellites continue their activities in space freely within the scope of Article I of the Outer Space Treaty.
This study examines how GNSS technologies are used globally to enhance disaster response operations, and then compares these international applications with Turkey’s national framework under the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD). This study also highlights the importance of space law.Through a comprehensive review of case studies, best practices, and performance analyses, this paper identifies both opportunities and challenges associated with GNSS implementation. It aims to provide strategic insights for strengthening national disaster resilience through improved integration of satellite-based geospatial intelligence. Globally, GNSS-supported systems like Japan’s GEONET and the United States’ FEMA GPS networks have proven invaluable for monitoring hazards and coordinating rapid interventions. In Turkey, initiatives such as the TUSAGA-Aktif (CORS-TR) network, AYDES Information System, and AFAD’s mobile GNSS tools have created a resilient geospatial infrastructure. These systems enable centimeter-level accuracy for rapid damage assessment, resource tracking, and real-time field coordination.
Ultimately, the findings highlight the necessity of combining GNSS with complementary technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to achieve a comprehensive, data-driven disaster management ecosystem. The paper concludes by recommending policy measures and capacity-building strategies for Turkey and similar developing nations to enhance GNSS utilization for effective disaster response.
Keywords
Space, GNSS, Disasters, Space Law
Authors: Christopher Noyuoro*, & George Gyader
Published Date: March 02, 2026
Cite: Noyuoro, C., & Gyader, G. (2025). The economic and political drivers behind the formation of new regional groupings and their influence on the sustainability of ECOWAS. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-15.
Abstract
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has historically been central to promoting economic integration, political stability, and regional cooperation among its fifteen member states. Recent formation of the Alliance of Sahel States by Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, however, threatens growing fragmentation of the region and raises basic questions regarding the sustainability and continued viability of ECOWAS. This study probes the political and economic origins of these new regional alignments, with particular focus on disaffection with ECOWAS interventions, divergent security interests, economic disparities, and shifting global allegiances.
With a qualitative research methodology, the study is based on secondary data collected from scholarly literature, formal communiqués, regional agreements, and policy briefs. In addition, key informant interviews between diplomats, political analysts, and policy analysts were conducted to validate and complement the analysis. Content analysis was employed to monitor patterns and themes from the exploration of political contestation, economic divergence, and disintegration of regional cohesion.
The outcome shows that dissatisfaction with ECOWAS due to perceived political bias, marginalisation in economic terms, and retaliatory measures against military rule states has forced some states to seek other alignments. Moreover, the growing role of external players such as Russia and China has further complicated the regional geopolitical environment.
The report recommends a series of strategic changes such as institutional reform for equitable representation, participatory security dialogue, developmental imbalances reduction policies, realistic democratic transition paradigms, and increased public engagement. The challenges of today threaten ECOWAS' solidarity but also hold the potential for redefining its mandate and reinforcing its legitimacy in the evolving regional context. ECOWAS must reinvent itself if it is to remain a pillar of West African integration and stability.
Keywords
ECOWAS, Regional Integration, Political Discontent, Economic Divergence, Security Cooperation and Regional Sustainability
Authors: Li Zeren*, Zhang Yingsong, Wu Yunliang, Chen Qianhong, & Liu Zixiang
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: Zeren, L., Yingsong, Z., Yunliang, W., Qianhong, C., Zixiang, L. (2026). Taking Multiple Measures to Show Solicitude for Lives on Earth in Yimengshan Geopark. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-04.
Abstract
Yimengshan UNESCO Global Geopark is located in Linyi City, Shandong Province, China. In recent years, combining the concept of SDG15, Yimengshan Global Geopark Administration has actively made efforts to protect, restore and promote the mountainoushilly ecosystem through multiple channels. It has achieved significant results in ecosystem restoration, geological heritage conservation, promoting the sustainable development of geopark communities and supporting biodiversity research.
Keywords
Yimengshan UGGp, Ecosystem, SDGs
