Authors: Zumeya Omari*
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: Omari, Z. (2026). Reverse Osmosis in Geothermal Systems. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-02.
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other dissolved or suspended substances, and is used in industrial processes for production of potable water.
RO retains the solute / large molecules on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. R.O. differs from filtration in that the mechanism of fluid flow is reversed, as the solvent crosses membrane, leaving the solute behind. RO involves 56 solvent diffusion across a membrane that is either nonporous or uses nanofiltration with pores 0.001 micrometers in size.
Geothermal power plants use large volume of geothermal water. Brine or condensates are usually reinjected back into the reservoir as a way of disposing it or maintaining reservoir pressure. There have been cases of blockage in the reinjection wells, and scaling and corrosion in equipment caused by precipitation of salts out of the brine. This can be reduced by desalinizing the water through R.O. Therefore, after electricity production, the waste water, can be passed through an RO membrane to desalinize the water for recycling. The waters should undergo pre-treatment steps like filtration to remove larger particles that could clog the membrane.
A pump applies significant pressure to the geothermal water, overcoming the natural osmotic pressure and pushing the water through the membrane. The rejected contaminants, like salts and minerals, become increasingly concentrated on the “feed” side of the membrane, forming a brine that is typically disposed of or further treated depending on the application. Predicting and preventing sediment precipitation in membrane systems is a key aspect of their operation, therefore several commercially antiscalants are usually applied.
It is important to take care of the membrane by increasing its life span so as to serve the cause effectively.
Keywords
Reverse Osmosis, Geothermal, Membrane
Authors: Prof. Dr. Aydın İbrahimov*, & Dr. Çağdaş Duman
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: İbrahimov, A., & Duman, C. (2026). The village–town (köy–kent) model: a methodological, political, and planning-oriented reformulation in the context of turkey and azerbaijan for the decentralized Anthropocene. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-06
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive and theoretically grounded reformulation of the Village–Town (Köy–Kent) model as a decentralized settlement and development framework suitable for the conditions of the Anthropocene. While dominant paradigms such as smart cities, resilient cities, eco-cities, and logistics cities have contributed to technological efficiency and infrastructural robustness within metropolitan cores, they continue to reproduce spatial centralization and territorial inequality. Drawing on political geography, spatial justice theory, political ecology, and regional planning literature, this study argues that sustainable and resilient futures require territorially distributed settlement networks that integrate rural and urban systems. Using Turkey and Azerbaijan as comparative contexts, the article develops a methodological and policy-oriented framework that positions the Village–Town model as a complementary, multi-scalar alternative to city-centered sustainability strategies. The study contributes to political geography and planning scholarship by demonstrating how decentralized settlement systems can support regional resilience, food sovereignty, post-conflict reconstruction, and socio-spatial stability in the Anthropocene.
Keywords
Village–Town Model, Decentralized Planning, Smart City, Resilient City, Political Geography, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Anthropocene
Authors: Li Zeren*, Zhang Yingsong, Wu Yunliang, Chen Qianhong, & Liu Zixiang
Published Date: April 03, 2026
Cite: Zeren, L., Yingsong, Z., Yunliang, W., Qianhong, C., Zixiang, L. (2026). Taking Multiple Measures to Show Solicitude for Lives on Earth in Yimengshan Geopark. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-04.
Abstract
Yimengshan UNESCO Global Geopark is located in Linyi City, Shandong Province, China. In recent years, combining the concept of SDG15, Yimengshan Global Geopark Administration has actively made efforts to protect, restore and promote the mountainoushilly ecosystem through multiple channels. It has achieved significant results in ecosystem restoration, geological heritage conservation, promoting the sustainable development of geopark communities and supporting biodiversity research.
Keywords
Yimengshan UGGp, Ecosystem, SDGs
Authors: Abdurrahman Onay*
Published Date: March 02, 2026
Cite: Onay, A. (2026). Enhancıng dısaster response operatıons wıth GNSS applıcatıons, Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-05.
Abstract
The frequency and severity of natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades as a result of rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and climate change. These complex emergencies demand a multidisciplinary, technology-driven approach to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) — including GPS (United States), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and BeiDou (China) — have emerged as vital tools in modern disaster management operations. GNSS enables high-precision positioning, timing, and navigation, allowing first responders and emergency managers to coordinate effectively in real-time. GNSS satellites continue their activities in space freely within the scope of Article I of the Outer Space Treaty.
This study examines how GNSS technologies are used globally to enhance disaster response operations, and then compares these international applications with Turkey’s national framework under the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD). This study also highlights the importance of space law.Through a comprehensive review of case studies, best practices, and performance analyses, this paper identifies both opportunities and challenges associated with GNSS implementation. It aims to provide strategic insights for strengthening national disaster resilience through improved integration of satellite-based geospatial intelligence. Globally, GNSS-supported systems like Japan’s GEONET and the United States’ FEMA GPS networks have proven invaluable for monitoring hazards and coordinating rapid interventions. In Turkey, initiatives such as the TUSAGA-Aktif (CORS-TR) network, AYDES Information System, and AFAD’s mobile GNSS tools have created a resilient geospatial infrastructure. These systems enable centimeter-level accuracy for rapid damage assessment, resource tracking, and real-time field coordination.
Ultimately, the findings highlight the necessity of combining GNSS with complementary technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to achieve a comprehensive, data-driven disaster management ecosystem. The paper concludes by recommending policy measures and capacity-building strategies for Turkey and similar developing nations to enhance GNSS utilization for effective disaster response.
Keywords
Space, GNSS, Disasters, Space Law
Authors: Christopher Noyuoro*, & George Gyader
Published Date: March 02, 2026
Cite: Noyuoro, C., & Gyader, G. (2025). The economic and political drivers behind the formation of new regional groupings and their influence on the sustainability of ECOWAS. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(2), 01-15.
Abstract
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has historically been central to promoting economic integration, political stability, and regional cooperation among its fifteen member states. Recent formation of the Alliance of Sahel States by Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, however, threatens growing fragmentation of the region and raises basic questions regarding the sustainability and continued viability of ECOWAS. This study probes the political and economic origins of these new regional alignments, with particular focus on disaffection with ECOWAS interventions, divergent security interests, economic disparities, and shifting global allegiances.
With a qualitative research methodology, the study is based on secondary data collected from scholarly literature, formal communiqués, regional agreements, and policy briefs. In addition, key informant interviews between diplomats, political analysts, and policy analysts were conducted to validate and complement the analysis. Content analysis was employed to monitor patterns and themes from the exploration of political contestation, economic divergence, and disintegration of regional cohesion.
The outcome shows that dissatisfaction with ECOWAS due to perceived political bias, marginalisation in economic terms, and retaliatory measures against military rule states has forced some states to seek other alignments. Moreover, the growing role of external players such as Russia and China has further complicated the regional geopolitical environment.
The report recommends a series of strategic changes such as institutional reform for equitable representation, participatory security dialogue, developmental imbalances reduction policies, realistic democratic transition paradigms, and increased public engagement. The challenges of today threaten ECOWAS' solidarity but also hold the potential for redefining its mandate and reinforcing its legitimacy in the evolving regional context. ECOWAS must reinvent itself if it is to remain a pillar of West African integration and stability.
Keywords
ECOWAS, Regional Integration, Political Discontent, Economic Divergence, Security Cooperation and Regional Sustainability
Authors: Babatunde, C. A.*, Aruleba, J. O., & Jamiu, A. T.
Published Date: January 05, 2026
Cite: Babatunde, C. A., Aruleba, J. O., & Jamiu, A. T. (2025). Diagnostic Evaluation of Land Degradation Using Soil Physico-Chemical Indicators in Ikere-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(1), 01-05.
Abstract
Land degradation assessment is essential for promoting sustainability, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring the well-being of present and future generations. This study assesses the extent and severity of land degradation across three locations in Ikere Ekiti, Nigeria: Ayewa Farm, Oke Otin Farm, and Ayodele Farm. Land degradation, marked by declining soil quality and reduced land productivity, threatens sustainable agriculture and environmental stability. The aim was to identify the extent, causes, and potential solutions for land degradation in the region. Surface soil samples were randomly collected from each location to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties through fieldwork and laboratory analysis, descriptive statistics was employed to summarize the soil physico-chemical properties collected from the three study sites. The results were compared with standard degradation indicators to determine the level of degradation. The study revealed that all three locations are moderately degraded resulting mainly from the effect of erosion and direct exposure to sunlight. The bulk density in all locations was generally non-degraded (class 1). Available phosphorus in Locations A and C was highly degraded (class 3), while Location B was non-degraded (class 1). Potassium content across the locations was non-degraded (class 1). Nitrogen showed moderate degradation (class 2), and base saturation was highly degraded (class 4). Exchangeable Sodium Percentage was highly degraded in Locations A and C (class 3) and very highly degraded in Location B (class 4). These findings emphasize the need for specific soil conservation practices to mitigate degradation and improve soil health. This research offers valuable insights into the dynamics of land degradation in Ikere Ekiti, providing a foundation for informed decision-making to enhance agricultural productivity.
Keywords
Land Degradation, Soil Quality, Ikere Ekiti, Soil Conservation, Agricultural Productivity, Environmental Stability
Authors: Babatunde, C. A.*, Aruleba, J. O., & Abdulrasaq M. J.
Published Date: January 05, 2026
Cite: Babatunde, C. A*., Aruleba, J. O., & Abdulrasaq M. J. (2025). Pedological Characterization and Taxonomic Classification of Soils for Sustainable Agricultural Land Management in Ikere-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-18.
Abstract
‘‘LIVE GREEN THINK GREEN LOVE GREEN’’ Let’s go green together. ‘‘A meter of green is greener than a centimetre” I am in love with this green Earth – Charles lamb. Nowadays, Go Green has becoming an initiative protecting the natural resources for the next generation and protects human health through environmental management and implementation of green ways of life. And live in a eco-friendlier way. I love so much greenery and that why my favourite colour is green from childhood. Greenery change my thoughts of life and my life – style, so I choose this topic go green for global, because when I see the greenery my mood is definitely smile in my face and I will be very happy in my inner life. Many people said that ‘‘Our inner happiness glow our external body and face. Go green is imperative to realize that there is only one Earth and nurturing a symbolic relationship with nature will ensure long- term sustainability leading to enhance people value. we are changing our planet due to unconsciousness of our activities. As the human population continues to grow. technological advancements help to us to consume more natural resources. All industries need energy to run. Everyday. we consume water. food. clothes or any other products. we need electricity to prepare them. This electricity is produced by burning of fossil fuels. In addition, we waste our valuable resources due to lack of go green or 4Rs (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Environmental science is water abstraction refers to the process of taking water from a natural resources such as a river, lake, spring or ground water. The water is generally pumped. piped or diverted for use in agriculture or industry or for drinking water supply. Agriculture is the mainstay of economic around the world. The livelihood of people does substantially rely on agricultural products, in such economic. Because of intensive nature of today’s agricultural practices, it is happed to be a high input agriculture and costly as well. The imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, edibles and fungicides has led to the development of an alarming situation by polluting soil, edibles and atmosphere. The future of agriculture. especially in developing countries is under threat because of a speedy decline in natural resources particularly the reserves of rock phosphate and fossil fuel. As a result. agriculture at time is not sustainable and is leading towards unwise and unjustified use of non- renewable resources. to cope with this alarming situation a sustainable agricultural approach is we use organic pesticide and organic farming.
Keywords
Green. Tree, Earth Forest, Garden City, Nature
Authors: Erlet Shaqe*
Published Date: November 06, 2025
Cite: Shaqe, E. (2025). Diffusion of innovation of ret’s renewable energy technsologies in transition economies using diffusion models. (Case for germany and western balkan countries). Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-32.
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to highlight how the diffusion of innovative new RET’s renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind, in Western Balkan countries as transition economies, could have a significant impact on reaching the EU Green Deal energy transition targets of "no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050” and the Paris Agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and transition of these economies to low-carbon development paths [1]. The purpose of this analysis is to present sufficient evidence regarding the reliability and viability of the adapted renewable energy technologies, specifically solar PV and wind technologies. Additionally, it aims to assess the diffusion of innovation in these technologies and predict the extent to which the growth of these innovative technologies is contributing to the achievement of national energy transition objectives for Western Balkan countries.
This thesis will utilize diffusion models dual phase logistic (bi-logistic) and Gompertz for the objective of analysing the adoption and forecasting RET’s wind and solar PV, since it has been shown to be effective in previous research studies [2]. The proposed methodology will be utilized to examine the cumulative capacity (measured in megawatts MW) of renewable energy technologies (RETs) wind and solar PV throughout the previous ten-year period for WB6 and from 1990 for Germany. The utilization diffusion models simulation scenarios will enable the projection of solar PV and wind technologies penetration up until the year 2035 and 2050.
Keywords
Innovation, Diffusion Models, Adoption Rates, Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs), Wind, Solar PV, Western Balkan Energy, S-Curve
Authors: Jorge A. Avila*, Roberto Duran, Rodrigo Rojas, & Jorge A. Avila-Haro
Published Date: October 27, 2025
Cite: Avila, J. A., Duran, R., Rojas, R., & Haro, J. A. A. (2025). Ambience vibration testing (avt) results to estimate the predominant periods of soil motion (ts) and the shear wave velocity profile (vs) as a function of depth in an anthropic soil zone (infills), associated with a section of a new tunnel line of the mexico city metro. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-09.
Abstract
Results of Ambience Vibration Testing (AVT) measurements in free-field conditions are presented, estimating the predominant soil motion periods (Ts) as well as the shear wave velocity profiles (Vs) as a function of depth, to help address the detected issues in an anthropic soil zone (infills, with a length of 80 meters), over the tunnel layout (approximately 35 meters deep) of the METRO construction project, westward of Mexico City, where differential settlements on the ground surface and potential damage to local residential structures have been observed. A total of 23 triaxial accelerometers were used, strategically located along two walkways (streets) within the area of influence of the interest zone. AVT results show that the estimated Ts periods within the anthropic soil zone do not exhibit significant changes, for practical purposes, with variations between 0.330 and 0.417 seconds, consistent with the expected values for a stiff Lomas-type soil, according to the Earthquake Standards of the RCCM-2023, currently in force in Mexico City. In relation to the estimation of the shear wave velocity (Vs) model as a function of depth, using 60-minute recordings synchronized in time with a GPS, it was corroborated that the soil characteristics are of a stiff type, consistent with the previously shown results of the dominant periods of soil motion (Ts); initially, there is an average thickness of 6 to 9 meters of loosely compacted material (poorly consolidated sediments) with velocities less than 200 m/s, and the shear wave velocity gradually increases as a function of depth, with velocities of 500 and 600 m/s at depths of approximately 40 and 45 meters, respectively.
Keywords
Ambience Vibration Testing (AVT), Shear Wave Velocity (Vs), Predominant Periods of Soil Motion (Ts), Anthropic Soil / Infills, Mexico City Metro, Earthquake Design, Soil Dynamics, Seismic Design
Authors: Abshaev M.T.*, & Abshaev A.M.
Published Date: August 08, 2025
Cite: Abshaev M.T., Abshaev A.M. (2025). Studying the possibilities of creating artificial clouds and rain. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-23.
Abstract
The paper represents results of experimental and theoretical studies of the possibility of creating artificial clouds and precipitation by stimulating convection based on the following physical principles: 1) heating local areas of the atmospheric surface layer using an artificial aerosol layer that absorbs solar radiation; 2) creating an ascending flow jet along a 30-40-tier garland of black screens raised by a balloon and heated by the sun; 3) vertically directed high-speed jet formation maintained by the heat of water vapor condensation on three types of aerosols with different hygroscopic points. The efficiency of these methods was assessed theoretically and in field experiments. It was shown that the use of the first method requires the creation of an optically dense aerosol layer over an area of about 5-10 sq.km that exists for at least 30 minutes. This requires such large dosages of aerosol compositions that the use of this method is expensive and is acceptable due to atmospheric pollution only in desert areas. Verification of the second method showed its complete futility because the large windage of the screens does not allow lifting a garland of more than 4-5 tiers, even in light wind; secondly, adiabatic cooling and wind drift exclude the formation of a continuous updraft by summing the pulses of the ascending flow created by each tier. Field tests of the jet-aerosol method fueled by condensation heat showed the possibility of creating small clouds and local short-term rains. But these results are significantly lower than theoretically expected. The reason for this is that the air humidity on the days with the experiments was below the hygroscopic point of the two types of aerosols introduced into the updraft at the surface level; secondly, the condensation process is not fast enough to provide energy supply to the updraft during its rise, and the power of the D-30 aircraft engine used is insufficient to overcome the surface inversion layers and the destructive effect of the wind. Based on these results, the use of powerful aerospace engines is proposed as a prospect for developing the jet method to create powerful cumulonimbus clouds. The jet of these engines, rising in the atmosphere, can ensure the formation of a powerful convective cloud, into which a novel core/shell hygroscopic aerosol in the required concentration is introduced using a UAV to accelerate the formation of precipitation at an altitude of 400-500 m.
Keywords
Fresh Water Deficit, Desertification, Artificial Clouds and Rains, Convection Stimulation, Hygroscopic Aerosol, Condensation, Jet Stream, Upward Flows, Field Experiments
Authors: Pravinaben Mangubhai Gamit*
Published Date: April 30, 2025
Cite: Gamit, P. M. (2025). Go Green, Green Innovation for Global. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-04.
Abstract
‘‘LIVE GREEN THINK GREEN LOVE GREEN’’ Let’s go green together. ‘‘A meter of green is greener than a centimetre” I am in love with this green Earth – Charles lamb. Nowadays, Go Green has becoming an initiative protecting the natural resources for the next generation and protects human health through environmental management and implementation of green ways of life. And live in a eco-friendlier way. I love so much greenery and that why my favourite colour is green from childhood. Greenery change my thoughts of life and my life – style, so I choose this topic go green for global, because when I see the greenery my mood is definitely smile in my face and I will be very happy in my inner life. Many people said that ‘‘Our inner happiness glow our external body and face. Go green is imperative to realize that there is only one Earth and nurturing a symbolic relationship with nature will ensure long- term sustainability leading to enhance people value. we are changing our planet due to unconsciousness of our activities. As the human population continues to grow. technological advancements help to us to consume more natural resources. All industries need energy to run. Everyday. we consume water. food. clothes or any other products. we need electricity to prepare them. This electricity is produced by burning of fossil fuels. In addition, we waste our valuable resources due to lack of go green or 4Rs (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Environmental science is water abstraction refers to the process of taking water from a natural resources such as a river, lake, spring or ground water. The water is generally pumped. piped or diverted for use in agriculture or industry or for drinking water supply. Agriculture is the mainstay of economic around the world. The livelihood of people does substantially rely on agricultural products, in such economic. Because of intensive nature of today’s agricultural practices, it is happed to be a high input agriculture and costly as well. The imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, edibles and fungicides has led to the development of an alarming situation by polluting soil, edibles and atmosphere. The future of agriculture. especially in developing countries is under threat because of a speedy decline in natural resources particularly the reserves of rock phosphate and fossil fuel. As a result. agriculture at time is not sustainable and is leading towards unwise and unjustified use of non- renewable resources. to cope with this alarming situation a sustainable agricultural approach is we use organic pesticide and organic farming.
Keywords
Green. Tree, Earth Forest, Garden City, Nature
Authors: Richard Murdoch Montgomery*
Published Date: February 28, 2025
Cite: Montgomery, R. M. (2025). Ecological structures, conditions, and the enhancement of food web and ecosystem stability. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 1(1), 01-10.
Abstract
Ecological dynamics are inherently complex, involving nonlinear interactions across multiple scales and life stages. Despite extensive research on population dynamics and food web stability, the phenomenon of “lag interference”—where delays inherent in stage‐structured interactions combine in nontrivial ways to influence overall system dynamics—remains underexplored. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework to examine how ecological structures and conditions foster lag interference, potentially enhancing stability in stage‐structured populations, food webs, and entire ecosystems. Drawing on delay differential equation theory, structured matrix models, and food web network analyses, we review the conditions under which demographic delays (e.g., maturation times, reproduction lags) interact to dampen oscillations and mitigate destabilizing feedback loops. We also highlight how spatial heterogeneity, network topology, and the strength of coupling between life stages modulate lag interference. Finally, we discuss future research directions that integrate empirical and theoretical approaches to test these ideas and refine our understanding of ecosystem resilience.
Keywords
Ecological Dynamics, Multiple Scales, System Dynamics, Lag Interference, Ecosystems, Network Topology
