Authors: John R. Klauder, & Riccardo Fantoni*
Published Date: 16 June, 2025
Cite: J. R. Klauder and R. Fantoni, “The Number Zero is Welcomed by Mathematics, but Physics Should Be Careful When Dealing with It,” Crystal Journal of Physics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 01-02, 2025.
Abstract
The number zero is happily used by mathematics, but not physics for various reasons. It should be incorrect to say that ϕ(x) = 0 = γ(x), when there are two, different, physical meanings, such as fields for two very different kinds of particles, etc. That could lead to some kind of confusion in physics. In that case, it could even be necessary to reject using the zero number in certain expressions, and instead, at least try to ‘go around them’. Do not forget that the number zero was banned for 1,500 years, long, long ago!
Keywords
The Number Zero, Quantum Field Theory, Affine Quantization, Canonical Quantization, ϕ4 Theory
Authors: Serge Collin*
Published Date: 16 June, 2025
Cite: S. Collin, “The Energy-Momentum Tensor of Electromagnetism Revisited at the Light of Noether,” Crystal Journal of Physics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 01-04, 2025.
Abstract
Maxwell's energy-momentum tensor cannot be used as is in Einstein's equation for general relativity in the presence of sources. In this case, its four-divergence is non-zero, whereas the tensors in the equation must have this characteristic. However, the sun emits streams of ionized particles, gases are present within galaxies, material transfers in the form of ionized plasma can occur in binary star systems, and so on. These charges cannot be neglected in the study of space-time in these regions. Here, we present a modified version of this tensor that eliminates this aw, provided that the potentials satisfy the Lorenz gauge. The distribution of sources will also be analyzed in light of fluid mechanics, allowing us to account for its influence in terms of generated pressure.
Keywords
Energy-Momentum, Electromagnetism, Noether's Theorem
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