Authors: Ahmad Luthfi Ridwan*, Jalil Genisa, & Andi Hasizah
Published Date: June 01, 2026
Cite: Ridwan, A. L., Genisa, L., & Hasizah, A. (2026). Characteristics of instant Arabic coffee (Coffea Arabica l.) with aren (Arenga Pinnata) sugar addition as a functional beverage. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-10.
Abstract
Indonesia is the largest coffee producer in the world. Kalosi coffee is one of the arabica coffees grown in Enrekang Regency. Fermentation of coffee beans aims to improve the taste of coffee and release the mucus layer attached to the coffee beans. The stages of this research are coffee beans are prepared for the roasting process to produce a medium roast maturity level. Next, grinding is carried out to obtain a fine grind size. Next, ground coffee was extracted, and the brew was filtered using a fine sieve (100 mesh), after which the filtrate was put into a freeze dryer. After drying, instant coffee was weighed for the next process, namely the addition of palm sugar according to the treatment (A1 = 25%, A2 = 35%, and A3 = 45%). Organoleptic and chemical tests were then conducted. The best formulation of Kalosi Arabica instant coffee with added palm sugar is a formulation of 65% instant coffee and 35% added palm sugar. The conclusion is that the best formulation of instant coffee contains antioxidants that are classified as strong at 39 ppm, caffeine at 0.76%, and pH 4.90. The addition of palm sugar affects the chemical content of coffee, such as stronger antioxidants and decreased caffeine.
Keywords
Arabica, Antioxidants, Caffeine, Palm Sugar
Authors: Balakhanova Gumru Vasif, Phd.*
Published Date: May 22, 2026
Cite: Gumru, B. V. (2026). Bıomorphologıcal and ecologıcal structure of mıcromycetes ın caspıan coastal soıls. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-09.
Abstract
The research conducted on the biomorphological and ecological structure of micromycete fungi in the Caspian Sea coastal soils has systematically elucidated the region's microbiological diversity and their role in ecosystem functions. Based on more than 150 soil samples collected in 2024–2025 from the Absheron, Salyan, Samur-Davachi, Baku Bay, and Lankaran-Astara zones, the study employed serial dilution, the Warcup method, cultivation on various nutrient media, microscopic-molecular identification, and statistical analyses.
The results indicate that micromycete density ranges from 1.2 × 10⁴ to 8.5 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil. In anthropogenically impacted zones (oil pollution, urbanization), density significantly decreases, while it reaches maximum levels in natural sandy areas. The dominant growth form is hyphal filamentous fungi (68–78%). Regarding nutritional strategies, saprotrophic fungi (48–58%) constitute the predominant group; they play a primary role in the decomposition of organic matter and humus formation. Facultative parasites (22–32%) exhibit pathogenic potential under stress conditions, while mycorrhizal species (14–24%) increase plant phosphorus uptake by 25–35% through symbiosis in sandy soils.
In ecological grouping, mesophilic (40.7%) and psammophilic (23.0%) types predominate. The increase in the proportion of halotolerant species is associated with high salinity, rising sea levels, and climate change. In anthropogenically affected zones, biological diversity (Shannon index) declines, confirming the sensitivity of the microbiota.
The study holds practical significance for soil restoration, bioremediation (against oil pollution), and biomonitoring. Micromycetes are evaluated as one of the key components ensuring the sustainability of the Caspian coastal ecosystem. Future work recommends metagenomic analyses and long-term monitoring. This research establishes an important scientific foundation for the conservation of the region's microbiological heritage and sustainable management.
Keywords
Micromycetes, Biomorphological Structure, Ecological Structure, Saprotrophic Fungi, Mycorrhiza, Bioremediation, Biological Diversity, Ecosystem Sustainability
Authors: Phongchai Kanjanamanee*, Surapol Natakankitkul, & Sukanya Kaewsa-ard
Published Date: May 22, 2026
Cite: Kanjanamanee, P., Natakankitkul, S., & Kaewsa-ard, S. (2026). Comparative study on ultrasonic and pulsed electric field extraction of phrayawan (curcuma phrayawan boonma & sansouk) rhizomes and evaluation of bioactive. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-07.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Pulsed Electric Field (PEF), and their sequential combinations on the extraction efficiency, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activities of Curcuma phrayawan Boonma & Saensouk rhizomes. Rhizomes aged 6-8 months were dried, powdered, and extracted using deionized water, 50% ethanol, and 99.7% ethanol under four extraction conditions: UAE, PEF, UAE + PEF, and PEF + UAE. All extractions were performed in triplicate (n=3), and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) were evaluated. The UAE + PEF technique using deionized water produced the highest extraction yield (10.32 ± 0.79%), whereas PEF + UAE with 99.7% ethanol achieved the highest TPC (494.69 ± 0.20 mg GAE/g) and TFC (194.51 ± 0.82 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activities correlated positively with TPC and TFC, with PEF + UAE extracts exhibiting the strongest radical scavenging and reducing power (DPPH IC50 = 712.53 ± 6.91 μg/mL, ABTS IC50 = 651.73 ± 5.22 μg/mL, FRAP IC50 = 373.67 ± 3.79 μg/mL). The enhanced performance of the combined UAE and PEF techniques can be attributed to the synergistic effects of acoustic cavitation and electroporation, which improve solvent penetration, cell wall disruption, and mass transfer. These findings demonstrate that integrating UAE and PEF provides a green, efficient, and scalable extraction strategy for producing bioactive-rich C. phrayawan extracts with potential applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
Keywords
Curcuma Phrayawan Boonma & Saensouk, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Pulsed Electric Field, Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Grosu Ion*, Grițcan Sava, Cucu Ghenadie, & Migalatiev Olga
Published Date: May 14, 2026
Cite: Ion, G., Sava, G., Ghenadie, C., & Olga, M. (2026). The effect of agrotechnical practices on the growth and productivity of different plum variety-rootstock combinations. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-05.
Abstract
The article presents the results of research conducted during 2020–2023 on the effects of agrotechnical practices on the growth and productivity of the plum cultivar Super Prezident, grafted onto two rootstocks: Myrobalan (myrobalan plum) and Cubani-86. The study provides scientific data on trunk diameter, tree height, crown width, average and total length of annual shoots, leaf surface area, pigment content in leaves, and fruit productivity during the 4th–7th years of tree growth.
Keywords
Rootstock, Variety, Trunk Diameter, Chlorophyll Content, Leaf Area, Intensive Orchard System, Productivity
Authors: Mirhuseyn Taghiyev*, & Asiman Ilyasov
Published Date: May 06, 2026
Cite: Taghiyev, M., & Ilyasov, A. (2026). Integrating Green Education in Universities: A Case Study of Youth-Led Sustainability Initiatives at Baku State University. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-05.
Abstract
The demands of a rapidly changing global environment require adaptive and mitigative strategies across all sectors, including higher education. In addition to theoretical instruction in environmental science, the integration of green education through practical, interdisciplinary, and innovative approaches is now essential for fostering sustainability literacy. This study investigates the effectiveness and challenges of such integration by conducting a qualitative case study of youth-led sustainability initiatives at Baku State University (BSU) in Azerbaijan. The research analyzes the dynamics, enabling factors, and measurable impacts of student-driven projects on the university’s sustainability culture. While the methodological scope is not exhaustive, the data include cross-faculty engagement and thematic analysis of activities implemented during the study period. Initial findings indicate that youth-led initiatives are a significant catalyst for experiential, student-centered learning by connecting theoretical knowledge with practical application. Notable outcomes are observed in waste management, awareness campaigns, specialized training programs, seasonal schools, and academic simulations. The study concludes that sustained efforts at BSU have significantly enhanced its green education ecosystem and contributed to the development of a green campus model aligned with evolving international accreditation standards. This progression suggests that BSU’s experience may serve as a flexible and resilient framework for green education in similar institutional contexts.
Keywords
Green Education, Youth-led Initiatives, Sustainable Development, Campus Governance, Experiential Learning
Authors: Sevda A. Valiyeva*
Published Date: May 06, 2026
Cite: Valiyeva, S. A. (2026). Water Supply of Azerbaijan Under Climate Variability: Challenges and Solutions. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-08.
Abstract
The impacts of climate variability on water supply in Azerbaijan are assessed within an analytical framework, and a priority roadmap is proposed through an integrated set of solutions. The framework is based on the supply–demand balance and a risk approach. Rising temperature, pre-cipitation irregularity, extreme events, and transboundary impacts weaken supply reliability by increasing water losses, irrigation demand, sediment loading, and quality fluctuations. Sector analysis shows the dominant role of agriculture in water use and emphasizes that the transition to efficient irrigation technologies, soil moisture sensors, and loss reduction is strategic. In cities and industry, smart meters, reuse, and rainwater harvesting strengthen resilience; for energy and eco-systems, protecting environmental flow limits is essential. Solutions are grouped into four direc-tions: (1) supply-side (smart reservoir management, groundwater, reuse, rainwater harvesting); (2) demand-side (drip/sprinkler irrigation, loss reduction, closed-loop circulation, household con-servation); (3) protection of water quality; (4) governance and institutional measures (basin plans, open data, transboundary cooperation).
Keywords
Climate Variability, Water Security, Supply–demand Balance, Reuse, Drip Irrigation, Network Losses, Environmental Flow, Basin Planning, Rainwater Harvesting, Transboundary Management.
Authors: Amil A. Ibadov*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Ibadov, A. A. (2026). Developing the fertilizer potential of biochar produced from sewage sludge. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-06.
Abstract
One of the most serious problems humanity faces is the increasing pollution of soils over time, leading to a reduction in the area where fruits, vegetables, and agricultural products are grown due to the escalating soil contamination. One of the most effective methods to prevent soil crisis could be the reprocessing of anthropogenic waste that harms nature to some extent. The reprocessing of human-generated wastes, such as sewage sludge (SS), plays a critically important role in eliminating soil pollution. Currently, sewage sludge management is a significant issue in environmental engineering. Sewage sludge is a residue similar to mud originating from wastewater treatment. This sewage waste contains attractive levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from an agricultural perspective, and its use as a soil improver in agriculture has been observed. However, since sewage sludge contains various harmful substances such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, certain pathogens, and toxic organic compounds, applying untreated sewage sludge can pose a threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, proper processing and disposal of sewage waste are crucial to minimize potential risks to human health and the environment. Pyrolysis, a thermal treatment, can be employed to address environmental issues like these.
Keywords
Sewage Sludge, Biochar, Soil Pollution, Fertilizer, Eco-Friendly
Authors: Xueyong Chin, Richard Guit, & Nick Wright*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Chin, X., Guit, R., & Wright, N. (2026). Regulatory Frameworks and Political Risk Mitigation: Overcoming Barriers to Attract Private Sector Investment into the ASEAN Power Grid. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-08.
Abstract
ASEAN has long recognized the potential benefits for energy security and resilience from the cross-border transmission of electricity. The ASEAN Power Grid (“APG”) aims to develop a regional cross-border transmission and integrated power market across its member states. More recently, the upside of sharing renewable power resources across borders, has triggered a surge in the investigation of opportunities for expansion of the APG as part of regional decarbonization efforts.
Unlike purely domestic projects however, the APG’s cross-border nature faces significant challenges in attracting the substantial private sector capital required to develop the APG to its full potential. This paper analyses the critical barriers to unlocking such participation, focusing on regulatory and political risks that private sector market participants cannot manage in isolation from host governments. Policy and regulatory stability, and ideally consistency across jurisdictions, will be essential to both private investors and their lenders, particularly where power is moving through “transit countries”, and not merely between jurisdictions.
While ASEAN must chart its own course, this paper draws parallels with the European Energy Charter Treaty framework that successfully underpinned investments in cross border energy infrastructure, and examines how elements of the inter-governmental agreements (IGAs) and host government agreement (HGA) structure could address critical “bankability” and “investability” issues for projects, thereby enabling a more conducive environment to attract private investment into the APG and facilitating the much-needed energy transition in Southeast Asia.
Keywords
ASEAN Power Grid, Cross-Border Transmission, Interconnectors, Treaties, Private Finance, Change-In-La; Energy Charter Treaty
Authors: Zumeya Omari*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Omari, Z. (2026). Reverse Osmosis in Geothermal Systems. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-02.
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other dissolved or suspended substances, and is used in industrial processes for production of potable water.
RO retains the solute / large molecules on the pressurized side of the membrane and the purified solvent passes to the other side. R.O. differs from filtration in that the mechanism of fluid flow is reversed, as the solvent crosses membrane, leaving the solute behind. RO involves 56 solvent diffusion across a membrane that is either nonporous or uses nanofiltration with pores 0.001 micrometers in size.
Geothermal power plants use large volume of geothermal water. Brine or condensates are usually reinjected back into the reservoir as a way of disposing it or maintaining reservoir pressure. There have been cases of blockage in the reinjection wells, and scaling and corrosion in equipment caused by precipitation of salts out of the brine. This can be reduced by desalinizing the water through R.O. Therefore, after electricity production, the waste water, can be passed through an RO membrane to desalinize the water for recycling. The waters should undergo pre-treatment steps like filtration to remove larger particles that could clog the membrane.
A pump applies significant pressure to the geothermal water, overcoming the natural osmotic pressure and pushing the water through the membrane. The rejected contaminants, like salts and minerals, become increasingly concentrated on the “feed” side of the membrane, forming a brine that is typically disposed of or further treated depending on the application. Predicting and preventing sediment precipitation in membrane systems is a key aspect of their operation, therefore several commercially antiscalants are usually applied.
It is important to take care of the membrane by increasing its life span so as to serve the cause effectively.
Keywords
Reverse Osmosis, Geothermal, Membrane
Authors: Turkan Amiraslanova*
Published Date: May 01, 2026
Cite: Amiraslanova, T. (2026). Geoecological assessment of ecosystems on the southern slope of the greater caucasus based on biogeochemical characteristics. Crystal Journal of Environmental Science, Innovation & Green Development, 2(3), 01-04.
Abstract
This research provides a comprehensive geoecological assessment of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, focusing on the Shaki-Zaqatala region. The study investigates the biogeochemical distribution of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cd) within the soil-plant-water system. Utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), 150 samples were analyzed across various altitudinal zones (600m to 2500m). The results indicate that while the high-altitude alpine zones remain pristine, the foothill and lower mountain belts exhibit localized enrichment of heavy metals due to agricultural intensification and transboundary atmospheric transport. Specifically, Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) levels in the lower zones were found to be 1.5 to 2 times higher than the regional background values. The study calculates the Geo-accumulation Index (I_{geo}) and the Biological Absorption Coefficient (K_b), revealing that Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus act as significant bio-accumulators for Zinc. These findings contribute to the "Green Development" strategy by identifying ecological risk zones and suggesting sustainable land management practices for mountain ecosystems.
Keywords
Biogeochemistry, Geoecology, Greater Caucasus, Heavy Metals, Soil-Plant System, Sustainable Development
